- Properties of chipboard. They have full or partial coarse threads that allow significant efficiency in the installation process and strong holding power of parts. that define their uses. Results showed that double-dovetail joint with adhesive had the best mechanical strength (3080 N). 2291534 Corpus ID: 266770547; The effect of using wood chips exposed to mold fungi on the properties of chipboard @article{Mirski2024TheEO, title={The effect of using wood chips exposed to mold fungi on the properties of chipboard}, author={Radosław Mirski and Jakub Kawalerczyk and Dorota Dziurka and Kinga Stuper-Szablewska and Joanna Walkiewicz}, journal={Wood Apr 16, 2024 · Low-density printed chipboard material is used for trims and moldings, inner elements of furniture, soundproofing, and packaging. Abstract. Jul 4, 2021 · Chipboard is made of wood chips or jute-stick chips and a strong binder. t his board consists of a highly compacted core and strongly bonded coatings. Thickness can range from a single sheet at 0. The most common type of chipboard is natural chipboard. Wood particles are glued together with an adhesive, under pressure and heat to manufacture chipboard. Plywood has a higher strength-to-weight ratio, meaning an Jan 3, 2024 · ABSTRACT. To give the materials refractory properties, they are additionally treated with anti-foams, but in any case, the flammability of MDF is Jun 15, 2020 · Chipboard sheets or particleboard have excellent mechanical properties and as it is available in various densities makes it best suited for floor decking. The size of the nanoparticles was between 20 and 80 nano-meter. Finally, one of the most popular types of chipboard is wood veneer, better known as veneered particle board. 2023. The wood product known as chipboard is found in at least one application in most homes. At B&Q we only buy responsibly sourced wood. From being eco-friendly to its strength, chipboard is a top choice for designers and manufacturers. Chipboard, although sturdy, is not as robust as plywood and is better suited for non-structural purposes. Purpose and environment: Determine how the chipboard will be used and where it will be installed. It can be small - 450, medium - 550 and high - 750 kg / m3. The “rule of mixtures” equations, modified for short fibre composites, were employed to The moisture-resistant properties of this type of chipboard make it a durable and practical choice for areas where moisture or humidity may be present. Next, determine the chipboard thickness (in). Explore the characteristics, applications, and advantages of different Chipboard boards, from 2mm to 30mm thicknesses. New to our range of particle boards is ‘EssGee Floor’ P5 flooring grade chipboard and Unilin’s P6 38mm flooring grade chipboard for Mezzanine floors. Difficult to cut without a board cutter due to it’s density. Chipboard, although less robust, still offers sufficient strength for many applications. Nov 30, 2016 · This research examined the possibility of developing a composite corncob (CC) and sawdust (SD) particle board using urea formaldehyde as binder. That being said, it’s important to understand the differences between the two. According to the environmental conditions Study the packaging below. The flexibility is the unique benefit of chipboard material which many of the packaging and such material lack their properties. Jan 3, 2024 · DOI: 10. Considering that commonly occurring mold fungi have the ability to develop very quickly on the surface of wood chips and the ongoing studies on finding the ways to use degraded wood, the conducted research was aimed at determining the physical and mechanical properties of chipboards containing various amounts (0%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) of pine chips inoculated with Aspergillus and Nov 15, 2017 · Corrugated cardboard is made up of a layered, arched paper created with a process called “fluting. 24 0. The most demanded is furniture chipboard. A lot of business owners incorrectly assume that the only way to safely protect their products during shipping and transportation is by using thick, corrugated boxes and partitions. The main uses of particle board are for cupboards, walls, and floor panels. BS EN 319 identifies the perpendicular tensile strength properties of chipboard, fiberboard, and particle board, which are engineered materials made by gluing wood chips or wood particles together with an adhesive under high pressure. Jul 13, 2023 · Plywood is renowned for its strength, outperforming chipboard in load-bearing applications. Finally, calculate the Chipboard Weight. Considering the physical and working properties of the materials used, explain one reason why each type of paper and board has been utilised. Permeability, •£ and porosity, p were found to relate to the density, p as Nov 6, 2018 · Which material has greater fire resistance of particle board or MDF. The characteristics of chipboard are low cost, high Print. Some are on the thin side (single to 2-ply) and others are thick (4-8 ply) to make them sturdy. It may be under the countertop laminate, under the flooring, in a bookcase, or in a door. Being lighter, plywood is easier to carry and maneuver than chipboard. The uniform composition of MDF lends it greater stability, density, and resistance to warping or splitting. 33 cubic feet x 31 pounds/cubic foot = 41. Consistent properties: It exhibits consistent strength and density throughout its structure. But there are also other possibilities. Jun 16, 2021 · While Davey board has the most advantages, it has some downsides, too: More expensive. Strebord® 38mm Mezzanine Floor Panels have been used for over 30 years, in many thousands of installations. [6] This material is used 100gsm brown paper bag This material is used because… Duplex board container because… Carton board container This material is used because Nov 15, 2023 · Various ply (single ply, 2-ply, etc. 5782. Therefore, for applications such as kitchens or bathroom where moisture is high Multiply the density of the board by the volume in cubic feet to determine the weight in pounds. MDF has become a household name for any dry processed fiberboard. MDF is also manufactured by bonding together wood fibers, but it uses higher quality wood Physical properties: This consists of thick chipboard, paper and a thin layer of melamine formaldehyde: Working properties: The chipboard is strong and low cost, the paper has the print of an Jan 12, 2024 · Chipboard screws, also known as particleboard screws are a variation of self-tapping screws specifically designed for use with chipboard, particleboard, MDF (medium-density fiberboard), and similar materials. The applicability of models for describing the short-term properties of chipboard were investigated using the results from experiments conducted on samples of a laboratory-made chipboard (comprised of Scots pine chips and urea formaldehyde resin), and sections of urea formaldehyde and Scots pine strips. Green, Jerrold E. Particleboard is a reconstituted wood panel product manufactured from wood particles. First, chipboard is a sustainable product. Mechanical properties determined We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. to the wood. Chipboard, also know as particle board is an engineered sheet wood made from small wood chippings, bound together by a synthetic resin. It offers protection to items packaged inside and can be cut and folded into various shapes. The chipboard with high and low density has a high ratio of durability and longevity. Depending on the pressing pressure, pressing time and glue, specific properties can be added. The impact of the thermal and hygric state of the materials on the variation of their intrinsic properties values was analyzed. Chipboard comes in a variety of substrates, from plain to clay-coated to specialty. , whereas others are lighter and softer to cut and work with. Chipboard, waferboard, flakeboard. Corrugated cardboard has unique properties Jul 1, 2020 · Additionally, the swelling properties of prepared coatings in acetone were measured shown in Fig. Chipboards are available in various Nov 21, 2022 · Well, particle board is made of a combination of wood fibers and other substrates, which are obtained by shredding solid wood board or using residual material left over from the production of the solid wood board. No Abstract. Plates P2 have a higher bending strength - 11 MPa versus 10 MPa in group P1. Chipboard, also known as Particle Board or Low Density Fibreboard, is created by combining small wood particles with epoxy resin, which is then pressed together under intense heat and pressure to create a rigid board with a smooth surface. Plus many more unexpected uses. As the chipboard milling process FEM simulation results indicate, (described in a following paragraph), this fluctuation is a result of the chip formation and flow mechanism and its time course depends on the workpiece material strength properties and on the cutting parameters, such as tool wedge geometry and feedrate. Chipboard is usually a three layer board, large chips in the middle and finer chips on the outside. Properties. 84Kg/m³ for PB 1 to 447. What is Chipboard Plywood is more substantial and expensive than Chipboard, but Chipboard is versatile and can be used for various projects. , Name two properties of chipboard. MDF has a density between 500 and 1000 kg/m3. This is owed to its low core density, compared with chipboard, which has a high density. Jan 1, 2015 · The choice of wood species, the shape and size of chips and strands and the type of adhesive all influence the properties. Scheduled maintenance: October 22, 2023 from 04:00 AM to 05:00 AM Thermal properties of Odum chipboard EA Baryeh. Oct 12, 2022 · IntroductionIn the world of custom-made furniture, construction, and home decor projects, selecting the right materials is a crucial step. 18mm - Chipboard - FSC. 61 MPa at 85%RH. MDF is denser and more durable than Chipboard but also more costly. chips intended for structural materials or core layer of three-ply boards. It can also be manufactured using wood flakes or strands. There are exterior grades of chipboard available but most are only suitable for internal use. , List 3 uses of plywood. 3). Chipboard is a cost-effective material for flooring and underlayment. Disadvantages: -All grades of chipboard except the high-density variety tend to soak up water. It is free from natural defects and suitable for general purpose joinery, cabinet making, boxing in, wall and ceiling linings and internal fittings. It can also be somewhat difficult to work with because Properties of MDF. 2 Particleboard. Define Hardboard. The usage of chipboard at home is for the rooms with less moisture. Factors to Consider When Selecting Heavy-Duty Chipboard Glue. In order to be CE marked, the product must comply with the Nov 15, 2023 · Smooth surface: Chipboard's composition results in a smooth and uniform surface, providing an excellent base for finishes. Table of Contents. But, just because it’s lighter, it doesn’t mean it isn’t stronger. Chipboard means “pressed particleboard”. Density: Consider the density or thickness of the chipboard you need for your project. A mat of individual wood particles is coated in adhesive resin and pressed together into a finished panel. 2001; Goktas 2004; Akbulut and Koc 2004). Chemicals are added to the resin or binder to make it waterproof and fire-resistant. During this time, applications have become more varied in terms of end use, and the basis of performance data and known strength properties have supported this. Nov 17, 2019 · The paper evaluated the possibility of manufacturing wood-based boards from the material left over from sawmill processing of wood. This comprehensive guide presented by Weimiao will help you understand the distinct Sep 3, 2023 · 1. 70 MPa and 10. Weight and Density. 0Mpa, respectively, compared with 34. How is Particleboard Processed? This manufactured wood type is created through compressing wood particles. It has a fine structure and a perfectly polished surface, the density is at least 550 kg / m3. 59 MPa, 21. However the sustainability profile of particleboard has Medium density is somewhere between normal and high density. Most of the properties of the chipboard entering Tanzania markets are not clearly stated. ) Book board is made up of layers of thick paper. Some timbers are hard and very. Jun 21, 2023 · Durability and Strength: Comparing Chipboard and MDF. AJOL is a Non Profit Organisation that cannot function without donations. Results indicated that permeability increases as porosity increases and both decrease with increase in board density. In most cases, chipboard […] Jan 29, 2024 · 4. There has been a notion The surface of chipboard is usually rough and porous, which makes it ideal for painting or laminating. Therefore board with high density is expected to have high strength properties. By Angela Brady. MDF: Despite its density, MDF is relatively heavy. 7. Much greater Chipboard: Physical properties: Compacted wood chips, laminated with a variety of coverings, end cuts are difficult to finish: Working properties: Density EN 323 500 - 700 Kg/m3 Moisture content EN 322 5 - 13% Formaldehyde content EN 120 Class E1 <8mg/100g ASTM E1333-96 CARB (P2) <0,09ppm - TSCA Title VI Dimensional tolerances Thickness vs. In order to be CE marked, the product must comply with the harmonised European standard for wood-based panel products, EN 13986. Mezzanine U7 is a p6 board with improved strength properties. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Name 4 types of manufactured boards. Common Chipboards with UF glue are not water resistant, it will expand if gets in contact with water. Manufactured from 100% recycled paper waste, chipboard is created to be flexible yet extremely durable. They were made as one- and three-ply boards with face layers containing industrial microchips. Jul 24, 2023 · First, determine the chipboard length (ft). Winandy, and David E. It is recommended for the people to avoid the usage of chipboard in the room with high level of moisture. Cartons. Chipboard is available in different variants and is therefore a frequently chosen board material in the construction industry. Chipboard strength and density. Generally, book makers prefer 2, 3 and 4-ply thickness. Next, gather the formula from above = CHW = CL * CW * CT/12 * 40. This harmonised standard refers to EN 312 in order to specify chipboard panels. It is made from 82% wood fiber and 9% urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive. Next, determine the chipboard width (ft). Harder to find in small sheet sizes. Sep 10, 2020 · Chipboard is laminated with the following types of paper: sulfate (density from 80 to 150 g / m 2) is used for the base, as an inner layer for the front side and the main layer for the non-front; sulfite (density from 126 to 170 g / m 2), used for decorative coating as an outer layer, painted in a single color or wood grain; finishing (density Chipboard is commonly utilised as a ¯ooring material and OSB is also used in structural applications, for example ¯oor decking and webs of I- beams. Chipboard is composed of particles and thin slivers of wood which are made by cutting the wood feedstock with rotating knives and shearing the wood into small elements. In some cases, particleboard can be modified in order to enhance its properties – this can be done to increase features such as moisture resistance, acoustic insulation and fire retardancy. The boards were made from chips created during cant preparation for cutting and sawdust generated during further sawnwood preparation. Dec 16, 2015 · Facts about Chipboard 7: the usage. The information given in this publication provides technical characteristics Dec 24, 2023 · Excellent Fastening Properties: Blockboards hold screws and nails securely, providing stability and ease of assembly, surpassing particle boards and MDF in fastening capability. The way a timber looks can be altered through several Chipboard Panels which are Suitable for a Variety of Applications 1 Easy to cut Consistency throughout Key attributes of Chipboard panels include: Chipboard to be used in construction in Europe must comply with the Construction Products Regulation and be CE marked. Heat and vapor-chamber treatments Particleboard, or chipboard, is today the most used wood products in furniture. Jan 11, 2024 · Each type has its own set of properties that can be advantageous depending on your project’s requirements. and more. 35 EN 310 EN 310 N/mm² N/mm² 11. ”. 71 kg/m 3 for Pb 5. Mechanical Properties of Wood David W. In some cases, chipboard is used underneath the sheet of vinyl flooring for moisture resistant variant. Chipboard is much more water-absorbent than Plywood. The panels were produced using 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% variations for both agricultural wastes with a constant volume of adhesive to evaluate their effect on the physical and mechanical properties. Fibreboard is typically denser and stronger than chipboard, making it a popular choice for applications that Chipboard without lamination depending on the physical and mechanical properties, they are divided into two types: Р1 - general purpose, for use in dry conditions; P2 , for indoor use in dry rooms, including for the production of furniture. No matter where it is, though, it is almost always covered up. It is an engineered material made out of woodchips bound together with resins into panels at high temperature and pressure. 2-ply boards have two layers of thick paper while 4-ply boards have four, and so on. Kretschmann Contents Orthotropic Nature of Wood 4–1 Elastic Properties 4–2 Modulus of Elasticity 4–2 Poisson’s Ratio 4–2 Modulus of Rigidity 4–3 Strength Properties 4–3 Common Properties 4–3 Less Common Properties 4–24 Vibration Properties 4–25 Chipboard to be used in construction in Europe must comply with the Construction Products Regulation and be CE marked. Sep 30, 2023 · Only Medium Density Fiberboard and High-Density Fiberboard are stronger and denser. Discover the versatility of Chipboard panels with our comprehensive guide. Density, permeability, porosity, water absorption and swelling characteristics have been assessed for chipboard made out of saw dust and an adhesive. × Donate. The benefits of chipboard are that it is less expensive than plywood and it is lighter and easier to work with. For the example, assume a low-density board: 1. Chipboard is not stronger than medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Oct 6, 2022 · Plywood sheets are considerably lighter than chipboard. Apr 1, 2015 · The third column in Table 2 shows the density values as calculated from equation (2), which appear to decrease with a decrease in GA content from 698. Print. They are almost one and a half times more resistant to delamination. The market leading 38mm Mezzanine Decking is available as a P6 Standard or P5 (MR) Moisture Resistant chipboard core with a choice of surface finishes to meet end user requirements. , 2010 ). Why use chipboard instead of another packaging material? There are plenty of reasons. Strebord® features a specially engineered T&G 2LE profile designed for strength and ease of fit. Particle board is produced by reducing timber to particles, generally less than 2 mm in any dimension. 2. 25 mm to a heavy duty double wall board at 7. This 2. Ease of Carpentry: Blockboards are easy to work with using standard woodworking tools, enabling carpenters to efficiently execute their projects without encountering Oct 13, 2018 · In Malaysia, Chipboard usually comes in 2 standard sizes: 1220x2440mm and 1830x2440mm, with standard thicknesses from 9mm, 12mm, 15mm, 16mm, 18mm and 25mm. Different chipboard types have varying durability, moisture resistance, and fire resistance. Chipboard Benefits. The strength of a chipboard is determined by its belonging to one of two groups - P1 or P2. 4. The perpendicular tensile strength test serves to measure the strength of the internal bonding within the material. It’s also easy to print on for optimal brand awareness. Veneered Particle Board. Ideal for both professionals and DIY enthusiasts. These wood particles are combined with resin glues and heat-pressed until they form a “solid” block of particle board. Oct 13, 2023 · Chipboard, often overlooked, is a foundational type of packaging material; Made from recycled paper, it possesses unique qualities crucial for packaging. Plywood has more compressional strength than Chipboard, making it better suited to becoming flooring material. Chipboard is a more cost-effective option for projects that don’t require a lot of strength and durability. The quantity of the resin when increased within certain limits improves the strength properties but the composition of an adhesive is also important (Tesha et al. The mean static strengths of MDF, OSB and chipboard at 65%RH were 47. Particle board, as a product, dates from the early 20th century and developed in use during the World War II to utilise inferior wood and wood waste when good quality wood was in low supply (Stark et al. Chipboard is the king of “green” paper products. Chipboard is available in a number of densities: -normal Jul 1, 2012 · Chipboard is among the wood based boards with high influx in the Tanzania market. MDF contains around 8% water and only 1% paraffin wax. Chipboard Technical Data KC/QUAL/DOC/0015 - 14/12/10 KRONOSPAN P2 SPECIFIC PROPERTIES: Internal Bond Surface Soundness Bending Strength MOE PROPERTY Page 2 of 2 KRONOSPAN P1 SPECIFIC PROPERTIES: Internal Bond Bending Strength MOE PROPERTY TEST METHOD UNIT EN SPECIFICATION KRONOSPAN VALUES EN 319 N/mm² 0. As the wood fibres in the particles are randomly oriented Keywords: sugar cane bagasse, chipboard panel, environmental comfort, heat flow 1. Common applications of laminated particle boards include wall slabs, door boards, flooring, furniture, and interior decorations. This can be advantageous for stability but might pose challenges for larger projects or items that require frequent movement. High-density chipboard is ideal for kitchen worktops and flooring due to its rigidity and durability. Due to this reason, many industries can use this for multiple uses for manufacturing and packaging. It is also more difficult to repair water-damaged Chipboard. Chip board may be of lower quality overall, but it has some advantages: Less expensive. Specifically, it is the product of combining wood chips, sawdust, or sawmill shavings through urea formaldehyde, a glue for binding wooden chips. This unassuming yet versatile material ensures products travel safely and look appealing. Introduction The quality of the environment has a direct impact on quality of life and health. Fibreboard and chipboard are both commonly used terms to describe these materials, and both are widely recognized in the industry. nominal value EN +/14323 <15mm +/-0,2mm >15mm +/-0,3mm Thickness within same panel -0,3mm Length and width +/-5mm One of these is particleboard, also called chipboard or low-density fiberboard (LDF). Consistency of quality and specification from board to board Apr 28, 2015 · To study the influence of technological factors upon physico-mechanical characteristics of chipboards containing a cardanol-containing polyurethane adhesive as a binder, a five-factor experiment was carried out twice in accordance with the Box-Wilson central composite design. Generally, these wood chips are the waste part of the wood. During manufacturing, a stiff, fluted layer of paper is sandwiched between two outer layers. In this study, certain mechanical and rheological properties of structural chipboard were evaluated as part of a larger project designed to predict the long-term Apr 13, 2005 · The OSB was stiffer than the chipboard and MDF, which were both of similar stiffness. 23 pounds per sheet of low-density, 1/2-inch particleboard measuring 4 feet by 8 feet. Sep 6, 2023 · Chipboard vs. Particleboard products are known for problematic offgassing of formaldehyde gas. The project’s end use — whether it will Unilin developed especially for Mezzanine a 38 mm thick high density U7 chipboard (690 kg/m2, with a tolerance of +/-7%) to serve as a base board. 9 mm thick. 38mm - Chipboard - FSC. The fatigue limit for the MDF is likely to be slightly lower than for the chipboard and the OSB. Its layered construction provides enhanced stability, reducing the risk of sagging or warping under heavy loads. Hardboard, also known as high-density fiberboard (HDF), is a type of engineered wood product that is made from wood fibers that have been compressed and bonded together with a resin. Chipboard (sometimes referred to as particleboard) is an engineered wood product manufactured from wood chips, sawmills shavings, industrial wood waste and sawdust and is pressed using a synthetic resin. 9 MPa and 21. 25mm - Chipboard - FSC. Both materials are flammable in their pure form, and MDF in this case even loses a little, since it ignites more easily and faster chipboard. Inside these layers is a sheet of card which is crimpled and folded into a triangular pattern, which gives it added support when bearing weight. Oriented strand board (OSB), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, veneer wood, fiberboard, and plywood are a few examples of manufactured wood. Learn about various types. 2 b, for the purpose of investigating the crosslinking density (total crosslinking including physical and chemical crosslinking) of coatings [28, 29]. Among a wide range of options, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), plywood, chipboard, and solid wood panels are often preferred for their adaptability and unique features. 5 Nov 17, 2019 · 25–40 mm in width, and 4–6 mm in thickness. The density of the chipboard directly depends on the quality of the material used for the base. A disadvantage of chipboard is that it isn’t strong and doesn’t last very long. 1080/17480272. The thermal properties of materials composing the buildings should provide comfort to the environments however it usually does not happen. t his CE certified, P6 class EN 312 board In recent years, attention has been focused on structural stressed-skin panels (SSP) with lumber webs and sheet metal and chipboard panels as tension and compression flanges, respectively, at Chalmers University of Technology. Chipboard: Chipboard is lighter than MDF due to its composition of wood chips and resin. The answer is both. When it comes to durability and strength, MDF has an edge over chipboard. Chipboard is also known as particleboard and low-density board is an engineered wood product manufactured from wood chips and a synthetic resin or other suitable binders, which is pressed and extruded. Feb 23, 2024 · Chipboard is a type of thin cardboard that can be used to make various objects such as boxes. In search of a heavy-duty chipboard glue, one must consider the bond strength, setting time, and compatibility with the chipboard. This can make it easier to handle and transport Jun 15, 2020 · Δ. Which come out during the lumbering process. Once it is water logged, chipboard tends to swell and breakdown. Permeability, •£ and porosity, p were found to relate to the density, p as SummaryThe applicability of models for describing the short-term properties of chipboard were investigated using the results from experiments conducted on samples of a laboratory-made chipboard (comprised of Scots pine chips and urea formaldehyde resin), and sections of urea formaldehyde and Scots pine strips. Aug 6, 2015 · Particleboard, also known as chipboard, was much more readily accessible at the time as it’s made from a combination of waste materials – such as planer shavings, offcuts or sawdust – and mechanically produced wood chips. However, Plywood is a more durable and Apr 25, 2023 · Manufactured wood, also known as engineered wood, is a type of wood product made by binding wood fibers, particles, and veneers together with adhesives to create a strong, homogenous material. The chips are glued together and then compressed under heat in to a large board shape. It is not used in outdoor space. Chipboard is also known as low-density fiberboard (LDF), so compared to MDF it has a lower density of wood particles per area – this means that chipboard is softer and thus not as strong. The calculated optimal conditions for the chipboard pressing process have been proven by experimental data. 9 MPa, 27. The results reveal that the swelling ratio of coatings is low (less than 50 %) because of highly Nov 6, 2020 · Chipboard is a strong, single layer of wood made to a certain density, whereas corrugated cardboard consists of several thin layers loosely put together. After inserting the variables and calculating the result, check your answer with the calculator above. This quality is particularly advantageous in applications where aesthetics matter, such as insulated chipboard flooring. The density of the sheets of both groups is 550 - 820 kg / m 3. . The “rule of mixtures” equations, modified for short fibre composites, were Dec 15, 2018 · In this work, an experimental campaign to characterize the hygrothermal properties of various construction building materials (plaster, brick, cinder block and chipboard) was performed. The smaller panel size of 2400x600mm makes it easier to handle and install, while the tongue and groove profile ensures a tight and secure fit between adjacent panels, minimizing movement and noise. relationship between density of the boards and strength. Easier to find in small sheet sizes. The information gained from the hysteresis loops indicates that the OSB, chipboard and MDF all had fatigue limits just below 20% of their bending strengths. Other Materials. These dimensions are several times greater than of the. 2). rl gy tl kr bq aq ke fb cu qf